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Saving Rhinos

Although most people think “Africa” when they hear “rhino” Asian rhinos are more endangered than the African species. In the past, CREW scientists focused on two of these Asian species, the Sumatran rhino and greater one-horned (GOH) rhino. They succeeded in unraveling the mysteries of breeding Sumatran rhinos in managed care while developing artificial insemination for producing genetically valuable GOH rhino calves. However, the landscape has changed, and the deadly poaching epidemic that started in Africa in 2008 now imperils all rhino species. Therefore, CREW’s conservation research efforts are increasingly important for ensuring that all rhinos thrive, including those in our zoos. Our most recent project – the American Institute of Rhinoceros Science (AIRS) is a bold initiative aimed at doing exactly that.

  • sumatran rhino
    CREW scientists have been instrumental in increasing the number of Sumatran rhinos.
  • Sumatran Rhino "Harapan" was one of three born at the Cincinnati Zoo
  • Eastern Black Rhinoceros

American Institute of Rhinoceros Science (AIRS)

CREW is partnering with The Wilds, Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, George Mason University, the South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation, and Stellenbosch University, South Africa, on a new, big initiative, taking rhino science and collaboration to a new level while helping to save rhinos from extinction.

AIRS is led by a coalition of expert rhino scientists. This large coalition is employing a multidisciplinary, integrative strategy to overcome the four greatest scientific challenges to sustaining rhino populations within our nation’s zoos. The team recognizes that the scientific challenges are inter-related, and studying one of them in isolation will fall short of what could be achieved by tackling all of them together. In short, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

AIRS consists of a diverse, inclusive team of scientists in all stages of their training/careers. The project’s goal is to produce science-based, affordable, and feasible management recommendations for monitoring and controlling physical condition, iron overload, and reproduction while ensuring optimal rhino wellbeing. (AIRS is supported by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services #MG 249011-OMS-21.)

rhino program graphic
Physical ConditionReproductionWellbeingIron Overload Disorder (IOD)

Through AIRS, the best measures of rhino physical condition are going to be identified.  Several methods are being tested including standard body measurements, body condition scores, heartrate, bioimpedance, body weight, physical activity, and deuterated water metabolism.  Data from these activities will be compared to the gold standard – serum biomarkers of body fat, inflammation, and metabolism – and all of the information will be analyzed in the context of management and environmental factors to determine conditions most associated with physically fit rhinos.

AIRS scientists are studying reproductive dysfunction in female rhinos.  Thanks to operant conditioning training by animal staff at many zoos (and some very cooperative rhinos), blood samples now can be collected regularly providing opportunities to study hormones that couldn’t be measured in fecal samples collected in the past. Ultrasound exams in tolerant rhinos shed even more light on reproductive function and what may be leading to dysfunction in some of our rhinos.  Additionally, valuable genetic material is being collected opportunistically and cryopreserved for the future.

When it comes to rhino wellbeing, AIRS scientists do not believe that there is a one-size-fits-all solution and that a rhino’s temperament may provide insight into what is best for that particular rhino.  The novel object test is one method of assessing an animal’s temperament and involves detailing an individual’s response when it first encounters a new object in its habitat.  This information combined with survey responses, day and night behavioral monitoring, and serum biomarkers of stress will provide comprehensive wellbeing assessments of AIRS rhinos and the many factors impacting that status.

IOD afflicts two rhino species (black rhinos and Sumatran rhinos) and is characterized by high concentrations of iron stored in organ tissues, especially the liver.  Monitoring the condition has proven challenging as typical serum biomarkers of IOD are not informative in rhinos.  AIRS scientists have already determined that there are many measurable minerals in rhino horn including iron, and they are now testing to see if the horn mineral content reflects liver content and can be used as a proxy for evaluating rhino liver mineral concentrations, especially iron.

Below is a summary of Cincinnati Zoo’s involvement with Sumatran Rhinos and the most recent news about Harapan’s baby 🙂.

 

A History of the Zoo’s Sumatran Rhino Breeding Program – Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden

 

Here are a few bullets and links to more info:

  • The Sumatran rhinoceros is one of the most endangered animals on Earth with approximately 80 individuals distributed throughout fragmented rainforests of Southeast Asia. 

 

  • Only nine rhinos, including two babies, are in the managed breeding program in Sumatra.
  • Almost all of those have roots at the Cincinnati Zoo!!

 

 

    • In 1997, scientists at Cincinnati Zoo’s Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), led by Dr. Terri Roth, initiated research using endocrinology and ultrasonography to learn about the reproductive physiology of the species. 
    • CREW’s scientific breakthroughs led to the first Sumatran rhino calf bred and born in a zoo in 112 years at the Cincinnati Zoo on September 13, 2001.
    • Another calf, Suci, was born at the Cincinnati Zoo in 2004.
    • Harapan was the third, and last, Sumatran rhino to be born as part of the U.S. breeding program.  He was born at the Cincinnati Zoo in 2007.
    • Also in 2007, Andalas was relocated to the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) on the island of Sumatra
    • In June 2012, Andalas’s mate, Ratu, gave birth to a healthy male calf named Andatu. – First calf born in SE Asia at SRS

 

 

 

 

In addition to being responsible for the existence of about 10% of the world’s remaining Sumatran rhinos, Cincinnati Zoo’s beloved Ipuh has now helped scientists trace the start of his species’ population decline and provided basic biological information that may improve the health and well being of future generations. An international team of researchers used […]

cincinnatizoo.org

 

 

    • November 25 – Harapan sires a healthy male calf – see release below!!!
    • The Cincinnati Zoo and its Indonesian partner, the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, are the only two places in the world that have succeeded in breeding the Sumatran rhino in the last century.

I got carried away and couldn’t stop.  There’s so much more to this story!!

 

Thanks!

Michelle

 

p.s. – Keep reading below…

 

Sumatran Rhino Breeding Program at the Cincinnati Zoo

After years of research, scientists at Cincinnati Zoo’s Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), led by Dr. Terri Roth, unraveled the mysteries of Sumatran rhino reproduction and, in 2001, Andalas was born. He was the first calf bred and born in any zoo in the world in 112 years. In 2004, his sister, Suci, was born, and in 2007, Harapan arrived.  Between 2001 and 2012, the Cincinnati Zoo held the distinction as the only place successfully breeding this endangered species.  The Zoo partnered with Indonesian and Malaysian colleagues to transfer knowledge and techniques so that they too could succeed.  In 2007, the Cincinnati and Los Angeles Zoos agreed to send Andalas to the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS). That sacrifice on the part of the LA Zoo, where Andalas was living at the time of his transfer, paid off in spades in 2012 when Andalas’ healthy son was born in Sumatra.

Since then, Andalas has sired 3 calves born in 2012, 2016 and 2023 (one male and two daughters).  His elder two have now produced calves, and Harapan is the father of the one born on November 25, 2023.

The Cincinnati Zoo works closely with the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, the Indonesian Rhino Foundation, the IUCN Asian Rhino Specialist Group and the International Rhino Foundation, to protect this species in the wild and also propagate Sumatran rhinos in zoos.

  • sumatran rhino calf
    Andalas - Born Sept. 13, 2001
  • Suci (Photo: Cassandre Crawford)
    Suci
  • harapan sumatran rhino
    Harapan in Cincinnati
  • Paul Rinehart in Sumatra with Harapan in 2015
  • Ipuh and Emi
    Ipuh and Emi
  • Ratu and her calf, Andatu, at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary.
    Ratu and her calf, Andatu, at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary.
  • Delilah
Sumatran Rhino Videos